Keď dávny ľudia objavili oheň, našli tým spôsob, ako získať energiu, pretože pri horení sa uvoľňuje teplo a svetlo. Trvalo však dva milióny rokov, kým bol vynájdený parný stroj. Skonštruoval ho škótsky fyzik James Watt a umožnil tak premeniť tepelnú energiu na mechanickú, schopnú konať prácu. Koncom 18. storočia sa vďaka zdokonaleniu výroby železa a ocele začali vyrábať výkonnejšie a spoľahlivejšie parné stroje. Významným objavom bola parná turbína, zásluhou najmä švédskeho fyzika C.G. Lavala a angličana Ch. Parsonsa. O niekoľko desaťročí sa začali vedci zaujímať o spaľovacie (plynové) motory. Aj keď prvým priekopníkom týchto strojov bol Jean Lenoir, Nikolaus August Otto ho zdokonalil a dostal naň patent v roku 1886.Neskôr sa začal používať praktickejší benzínový a neskôr naftový motor (vynašiel ho Rudolf Diesel). Začiatkom 20. storočia sa objavil návrh prúdového motora. Dnešné lietadlá poháňané práve takýmto spôsobom dokážu prekonať aj rýchlosť zvuku. Zatiaľ posledným štádiom vývoja motora je raketový motor, ktorý sa používa na uvedenie kozmických lodí, sond a pod. na príslušnú dráhu. Dnes sa používajú všetky spomenuté typy motorov, no sú dokonalejšie skonštruované a energia, ktorú vyprodukujú, je niekoľkonásobne vyššia.
Chronologický prehľad historického vývoja:
- r.1712 - Thomas Newcomen postavil prvý fungujúci parný stroj, ktorý čerpal vodu z baní. Bol to však nedokonalý vynález, o čom svedčí, že mal kotlík ako čajník a zdvih piesta iba 15 cm.
- r.1760 - James Watt prihlásil svoj parný stroj na patentovanie. Watt tu prakticky uplatnil parný stroj s uzavretým piestom valca, s oddeleným kondenzátorom a čerpadlom na prívod vzduchu.
- r.1769 - Francúz Nicholas Cugnot zaujal davy v Paríži parným strojom, ktorý sa pohyboval rýchlosťou 3 km/h. Napokon sa však prevrátil a vybuchol.
- r.1780 - James Watt zostrojil prvý výkonný piestový parný stroj s regulátorm rýchlostí.
- r1769 - 1784 - James Watt dostal štyri patenty. Parný stroj sa stal motorom, ktorý potreboval priemysel.
- Georg Stephenson a jeho syn Robert znásobili silu parného stroja nazvaného Rocket tak, že odvádzali použitú paru úzkym komínom. Zároveň zvýšili výhrevnosť tým, že v železnom kotli inštalovali namiesto jednej niekoľko rúrok, ktorými prechádzalo teplo.
- r.1861 - Nikolaus August Otto postavil svoj prvý motor a v roku 1864 založil spoločnosť na výrobu plynových motorv.
- r.1876 - N.A. Otto postavil a patentoval prvý plynom poháňaný motor. Behom ďaľších 17 rokov bolo predaných 50 000 Ottových motorov, ktoré našli využitie hlavne v strojárenských závodoch.
- r.1882 - Carl Benz postavil v Mannheime továreň na výrobu plynových motorov. Neskôr nadobudol presvedčenie, že keby jeho motory pracovali na výkonnejší a vhodnejší benzín, dokázali by poháňať i vozidlo.
- r.1883 - boli zostrojené prvé parné turbíny.
- r.1885 - C. Benz predstavil verejnosti prvé trojkolesové benzínové vozidlo a dal si ho patentovať.
- r.1886 - Bol uverejnený patent na Ottov štvordobý (štvotaktný) motor. Bolo už len otázkou času, kedy sa bude tento motor upravený pre použitie v automobiloch.
- G.W. Daimler vo svojej dielni vyvinul prvý benzínový rýchlobežný motor.
- r.1890 - Gottlieb Wilhelm Daimler založil firmu, ktorá v roku 1901, dvanásť mesiacov po jeho smrti, uviedla na trh Mercedes.
- r.1893 - Rudolf Diesel zostrojil naftový motor.
- Henry Ford rozhodne automobil nevynašiel, no vo svojom detroidskom závode zaviedol montážnu linku, vďaka ktorej dokázal uspokojiť veľký dopyt a znížiť náklady na výrobu.
- r.1928 - Frank Whittle, mladý 21-ročný anglický pilot a technik, prišiel s návrhom prúdového motora.
 |
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